小鼠生物学特性与解剖生理特点详解：繁殖力强、成熟早、易于饲养

小鼠生物学特性与解剖生理特点详解：繁殖力强、成熟早、易于饲养

第1部分小鼠（小鼠;）1。生物学特征和解剖学生理特征

1.小鼠属于脊椎动物，哺乳动物，啮齿动物，穆斯林家族和小鼠属。

2。早期成熟和强大的生殖能力。小鼠在6至7周大时性成熟，女性为35至50天，男性为45至60天；成熟的女性为65至75天，男性为70至80天。性周期为4至5天，怀孕期为19至21天；母乳喂养期为20至22天；尤其是产后雌激素（）的特征对于繁殖方便，一次排卵（取决于品种），每个胎儿的排卵量为10至23个，每年出生的垃圾数量为6至10个。它们全年是全年的，并且是多个埃特鲁斯动物，具有高生殖率和一年的再现。

3。尺寸较小，易于保持和管理。小鼠是啮齿动物中较小的动物。出生时，鼠标约为1.5克，母乳喂养后可以达到12至15克。母乳喂养和喂食1.5至2个月后，它可以达到20克。它可用于实验需求，可以在短时间内提供大量实验动物。饲料消耗很小。成年小鼠的食物含量为每天4至8克，用水量为4至7毫升/天，粪便排放量为每天1.4至2.8克，排尿为1至3 ml/天。所需的进食条件也更简单。由于个人很小，因此可以节省喂食站点。

4。他温柔，胆怯，害怕恐惧。长期培养后，小鼠被用于实验研究，既温和又易于捕捉，并且不会积极咬人。但是，当雌性小鼠是母乳喂养或雄性小鼠在战斗时，他们会咬人。他们通常很少互相战斗，这很方便，并且是理想的实验动物。当老鼠用罐子和盒子抬起时，它们非常温和，但是当它们被允许外出罐子外时，他们将很快回到跑来跑去的狂野。雌性老鼠吃婴儿老鼠，与胆怯和对恐惧的恐惧有关。

5。对外部刺激极为敏感。它容易受到多种毒素和病原体的影响，并且具有极其敏感的反应。例如，一百万分之一的破伤风毒素会导致小鼠死亡，这与其他实验动物无与伦比。它对致癌物也非常敏感，并且具有许多自发性肿瘤。

6。易于提供相同胎儿和不同菌株的动物。可以根据实验要求选择同一胎儿的不同菌株或小鼠进行实验，或同一品种（或菌株）的小鼠，相同的年龄，相同的体重和相同的性别进行实验。由于动物在遗传上是统一的，并且个体差异很小，因此实验结果是准确且可靠的。

7。我喜欢生活在一个带有深光的安静环境中，并且习惯了日夜搬家，喜欢咬人。老鼠白天活跃不那么活跃，但晚上非常活跃。他们互相追逐，忙于觅食食物和饮用水。因此，应在晚上准备饲料和饮用水。

8。小而细腻的身体，不抵抗饥饿，对热和冷的抗性，对环境的适应性不佳。它在对疾病的抵抗力方面也很差，因此在遇到传染病时经常发生人群死亡。如果饲料被中断并且饮用水中断，则会发生冲击，这将对恢复后的身体状况造成严重破坏。他特别害怕热量，一旦出汗，他就容易发生疾病和死亡。如果进料温度为32℃，则通常会导致小鼠死亡。

9。在成年雌性小鼠中，阴道粘膜可以在色情周期的不同阶段发生典型的变化。根据阴道涂片的细胞学变化，可以推断出卵巢功能的周期性变化。成年雌性小鼠交配后10到12小时，在阴道开口上有一个白色的阴道塞，这是受孕的标志。小鼠更明显，大鼠和豚鼠也不明显。小鼠的色情时期通常从晚上开始，最常见的是从晚上10点到凌晨1点，偶尔从1点到7点，在白天很少，大鼠相似，但它们比小鼠早4点至10 pm。

10。鼠标的脸尖，嘴前的长触角，半圆形的耳朵，大而明亮的红色眼睛，长尾巴和小表皮鳞片，尾巴上有圆形角质鳞片斑块，小于200块。

11。当小鼠发育并成熟时，其体长小于15.5厘米，其体重为18-40克，男性体重为20-49克，雄性体形，胸部有3对乳头，腹股沟中有2对乳头，具有和小胃容量。肠道可以合成维生素C。小鼠的染色体为20对，其寿命为2 - 3年。

12。小鼠的体温为38（37-39）℃，呼吸频率为163（84-230）次/分钟，心跳频率为625（470-780）/min/min/min/min，每G的氧气消耗量，每次活重量的氧气消耗为24（11-36）ml/min，The The The The The The The syly syly the syly syly syly syly syly syly syly syl the Miss。压力为113（95-125）MMHG，舒张压为81（67-90）MMHG，红细胞的总数为9.3（7.7-12.5）百万/mm3，血红蛋白14.8（10-19）g/100 g/100 ml，白细胞的总数为8.0（8.0（6-12）千/mm3，以及4.8（4. 8），以及4.8（4. 8）（4. 8）（4.8）（4.8）（4.8）（4.8）（4.8）（4.8）（4. 8）（4.8）（4. 8）（4.8）（4. 8）（4.8（4. 8）。

13.小鼠有许多手颜色，它们不能称为豚鼠，通常称为小鼠。鼠标的手颜色包括白色（），鼠标灰色（），黑色（黑色），棕色（棕色），黄色（），巧克力（），肉桂（），light（），白斑（），等等。

2。在生物医学研究中的应用

1。小鼠通常用于各种药物的毒性实验，例如急性毒性测试，亚急性和慢性测试以及半致命的剂量测定。

2。适用于各种筛查实验：通常，筛查实验动物相对较大，其中大多数首先从小鼠开始。您不需要使用纯老鼠。杂交健康的成年小鼠可以满足实验要求。例如，当筛查药物是否对疾病或疾病的某些症状具有预防作用时，混合小鼠可以观察到药物的全面作用。由于杂化小鼠之间存在相对紧密的血节，因此有些可能是敏感的，亚敏的，并且对药物反应敏感。通过筛查获得药物的全面作用后，可以进一步肯定纯小鼠或大动物。

3。生物效应确定和药物滴度比较实验：例如，它被广泛用于生物学鉴定工作中，例如血清，疫苗，辐射剂量和生物学效应实验，各种药物滴度测量（将测试产品与在某些条件下的测试产物进行比较标准品进行比较）。

4。关于微生物和寄生虫的研究：由于小鼠对各种病原体具有敏感性，因此它们适合研究血吸虫病，疟疾，疟疾，锥虫，流感，脑炎，狂犬病等的感染。

5。肿瘤和白血病研究：目前，小鼠已被广泛用于癌症，肉瘤，白血病和其他恶性肿瘤。例如，小鼠中各种自发性肿瘤通常被用作筛查抗癌药物的工具。从肿瘤的角度来看，这些自发性肿瘤接近人类肿瘤，药物筛查可能比移植肿瘤更理想。例如，C3H小鼠的自发性乳腺癌高达90％，而AKR小鼠的白血病自发率很高。此外，小鼠通常用于诱导各种动物肿瘤模型进行肿瘤学，流行病学和预防和治疗研究。例如，甲基cho豆烯通常用于诱导小鼠胃癌和宫颈癌，二乙基硝基胺用于诱导小鼠的肺癌。

6。关于避孕药和营养的实验研究：小鼠具有强大的生殖能力，短期怀孕期，只有21天，并且生长非常快，因此它们非常适合避孕药和营养实验研究。至于小鼠，小鼠通常用于抗毒素，抗植入术，抗疾病妊娠，中期妊娠和抗卵形实验。

7。抗菌药物研究：小鼠在刺激氢氧化铵气溶胶的情况下具有咳嗽反应，并且该特征可用于研究抗菌药物。因此，小鼠是研究抗议药所需的动物。

8。关于遗传性疾病的研究：例如，小鼠的黑色素病，即综合征，是一种类似于人类的灰发遗传疾病。也有白化病，家族性肥胖，遗传性贫血，全身性红斑狼疮，糖尿病肠，等等。

9。传染病研究：麻风病，霉菌疾病，巴氏杀菌，沙门氏菌疾病，淋巴胆道脑膜炎，脊髓杆菌，血吸虫病等。

10。免疫学研究：例如，各种免疫缺陷小鼠可用于研究免疫机制，等等。

3。主要品种

小鼠有许多变种和菌株，它们是实验动物中繁殖菌株最多的动物。目前，世界上通常使用的大约250只近交小鼠，所有这些小鼠都有不同的特征。突变菌株中约有350只小鼠。

1。就颜色而言，有白色，灰色，棕色，黄色，黑色等。例如，野生染发小鼠包括C3H，CBA/N等。黑色老鼠包括C57BL/6，C57BL/10，C58线等；灰色小鼠包括C57L，DBA/2行等；白鼠包括A，AKR，BALB/C，RF，SWR和其他线条。

2。在肿瘤研究中需要进行许多菌株，包括自发性肿瘤菌株，例如高癌症菌株的C3/H/HCN，A， No.ⅱ等。低癌症菌株的C57BL/6N，C58， No.ⅰ等。诱导的肿瘤菌株，例如乳腺癌小鼠：C3H，A菌株等；胸腺癌小鼠：DBA（），R111，BALB/C，C57BR和其他菌株；肺癌小鼠：A，SWR，BALB/C，C57BL和其他菌株；肝癌小鼠：C3H，C3HE，C3HF和其他菌株；白血病小鼠：AKR，C58，C57BL和其他菌株；卵巢癌小鼠C3H和其他菌株。

3。需要种植许多菌株来研究各种人类疾病，例如研究心血管疾病的小鼠：DBA和其他菌株；患有自免疫疾病的小鼠：NZB/N，NZB×NZW和其他菌株；带有脑积水的小鼠：C57BL/KALWN，B10，D2/NSNN和其他菌株；具有肾积水的小鼠：C57L/N，STR/N和其他菌株；白内障小鼠L：星/N和其他菌株；带有多尿的小鼠：str/n，str/ln菌株；肾脏疾病等菌株； a/hen（自发），C57BL/6N（诱导）和其他菌株的小鼠；诸如辐射疾病C57BR/CDJN（抗性），BALB/CANN，LACA（敏感）和其他菌株之类的菌株；有毒原生动物疾病的小鼠：BALB/CANN和其他菌株；患有疟疾的小鼠：C58/LWN，DBA/1JN（对疟原虫感染具有抗性）和C57L/N（易受寄生虫的敏感）。

4。需要在药物和代谢研究中种植的菌株包括：矿物油过敏的小鼠：BALB/CANN和其他菌株；具有免疫球蛋白缺乏症的小鼠：CBA/N和其他菌株；具有C57BR/CDJN和其他菌株的胰岛素敏感小鼠的小鼠；类固醇代谢疾病的小鼠：C57BL/10SCN；缺乏维生素K的小鼠：CBA/CAHN和其他菌株；带有镇静实验小鼠的小鼠：SJL，NZW和其他菌株。

在微生物和各种实验研究中，豚鼠是最常见的，包括英国，法国，德国和瑞士物种以及瑞士物种。目前，由我国各种生物产品和医学研究机构繁殖的小鼠是昆明物种。这种菌株是一个封闭的人群。它首先来自缅甸在反日战争期间，在云南昆明饲养。经过多年的栽培和繁殖，这种菌株中的小鼠的大小很大，生育力很强。

近年来，在肿瘤研究中，我国庞大的医学和实验动物研究工作已经培养了L615菌株小鼠。通过20代兄弟姐妹，这是白血病研究的相对较好的压力。基于这种菌株，已经为白血病研究繁殖了几种小鼠，例如L7212，LS783，RS615，RS615，AL771，L6565和 638。由军事科学学院育成的所有人都在我国广泛使用。

5。针对不同研究领域种植的菌株包括：肿瘤研究的常用菌株：A，AKR，BALB/C，RF，SWR，C3H，C3H，C57BL，C58，C58，C57BR和其他菌株；用于生理研究的常用菌株：A，BALB/C，SWR，C3H，C57BL，C57BR和其他菌株；常用的辐射损伤菌株：RF，SJL，C3H，C57BL和其他菌株；常用的遗传学菌株：C57BL和其他菌株；通常用于免疫研究的菌株：C3H，C57BL，DBA/2，BALB/C和其他菌株。

第2节大鼠（大鼠;）1。生物学特征和解剖生理特征

1。大鼠泌乳钢，啮齿动物，啮齿动物家族，大鼠动物。

2。繁殖迅速。大鼠在2个月大时性地成熟，性周期约为4天，怀孕时间为20（19-22），哺乳期为21天，每天平均有8只动物，全年都是全年和多重发病狂。

3。他们喜欢咬人，夜间活动和肉。他们喜欢在白天挤在一起休息。他们晚上有很多活动，吃很多东西。因此，除了实验外，不应在白天刮擦它们。他有各种各样的食物，喜欢吃各种煮熟的动物肉。对光更敏感。

4。他具有激烈的气质和强烈的抗病性。老鼠的切牙很长，当他们被挑衅，袭击和逮捕时，他们很容易咬住手。特别是对于母乳喂养期间的雌性大鼠，他们经常主动地咬住喂食时被放入松鼠笼的工作人员的手。它非常适合外部环境，成年小鼠很少患病。一般而言，它不是侵略性的，可以大量保存在笼子里，不会咬人。

5。没有胆囊：大鼠，鸽子，鹿，马，驴，大象和其他动物没有胆囊。他们的总胆汁肝管括约肌几乎没有阻力。肝脏分泌的胆汁通过一般的胆管进入十二指肠，并由十二指肠端括约肌控制。

6。不能呕吐：因此，应在药理学实验期间注意注意力。

7。垂体 - 肾上腺系统已经发展了功能，并且对压力反应很敏感。各种行为和情感敏感。

8。视觉和气味更敏感，实验反应（例如条件反射）很好，但它们容易抵抗许多药物。

9。大鼠的血压和血管耐药性对药物反应敏感，但对心脏糖苷的影响比猫低671倍。

10。肝脏具有强大的再生能力，而60-70％的肝叶仍然具有再生能力。

11。对营养，维生素和氨基酸缺乏症的敏感性可能发生典型的缺乏症状。维生素C可以在体内合成。

12。对炎症的反应。它的角膜没有血管。

13。生长和发育期很长，长骨长了长时间的外周期线，不渗透。

14。在成年雌性小鼠中，阴道粘膜可能在色情周期的不同阶段发生阴道粘膜的典型变化。阴道涂片方法（）用于观察性周期中阴道上皮细胞的变化，并且可以推断性周期的各个时期的卵巢，子宫状态和垂体激素的变化。

下表显示了大鼠和小鼠阴道涂片的细胞变化：

表2-1阴道涂片的组织学变化

阶段

经过的时间（小时）

卵巢变化

细胞变化的特征

老鼠

鼠

情绪的早期阶段（P）

（）

18

17-21

卵泡的加速生长

所有这些都是核上皮细胞，有时是少数角质形成细胞

情绪时期（e）

（）

42

9-15

卵泡成熟和排卵

所有的都是动态角质形成细胞或少量上皮细胞

情绪晚期（M）

（）

12

10-14

黄体形成

白细胞，角质形成细胞和成核上皮细胞都有

情绪时期（di）

（）

48-72

60-70

黄体的变性

大量的白细胞和少量上皮细胞和粘液

侵蚀周期：小鼠120-144小时，小鼠96-120小时

15。大鼠心电图（包括小鼠）的心电图中没有ST段，甚至有些导线也没有看到T波。如果有t波，它在S波旁边，或者在R波滴分支上开始，因此无法看到同异源线的ST段。但是，心电图的其他组件是稳定的，并且具有良好的重复。豚鼠上方的较大动物具有明显的细分市场，因此在选择动物品种时应该注意。

16.大鼠的垂体更脆弱地连接到漏斗的下部，并且可以在不破坏马鞍膜片和脑膜的情况下去除无需太多吸力。它适用于制作深度式模型。大鼠也非常适合内分泌腺切除手术，例如肾上腺和卵巢。

17.大鼠的肠道短和较大的盲肠，但其盲肠功能并不是很好。它不容忍饥饿，可以在肠中合成维生素C。双子座。胸部和腹股沟有三对乳头。胰腺非常分散，位于胃和十二指肠的弯曲。有21对染色体，其寿命为3至4年。

18。大鼠的体温为39（38.5-39.5）℃，​​心率为475（370-580）每分钟，呼吸率为每分钟85.5（66-114）次，通风量为7.3（5-10.1）ml/min/min/min/min/min，sy量为0.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6-1.6（0.6-1.25），麻醉期间的血压为116（88-138）MMHG总红细胞8.9（7.2-9.6）百万mm3，血红蛋白14.8（12-17.5）g/100 ml血液的血液数量：5,000-15,000/mm3，血小板100,000-300,000-MM3，血液量为7.4％的白细胞的总数量：7.4％的含量，均为7.4％。 1.090，总蛋白质为7.2（6.9-7.6）g。

2。在生物医学研究中的应用

1。神经内分泌实验研究：开发了垂体 - 肾上腺系统，应力反应是敏感的，例如复制应力胃溃疡模型。大鼠的内分泌腺去除方法通常用于进行内分泌实验，例如肾上腺，垂体和卵巢。

2。营养和代谢疾病研究：大鼠是营养研究中的重要动物，并将其用于大量营养代谢研究，例如维生素A，B，C和蛋白质缺乏症。大鼠通常还用于研究氨基酸（苯丙氨酸，组氨酸，异亮氨酸，亮氨酸，色氨酸，蛋氨酸，赖氨酸和精氨酸），以及钙和磷代谢。还可以进行有关动脉粥样硬化，淀粉样变性，酒精中毒，十二指肠溃疡和营养不良的研究。

3。药理学研究：大鼠血压和血管耐药性对药物反应敏感，最适合筛查新药和研究心血管药理学。例如，大量降压药通常用于通过直接血压语法研究。用于心血管药理学实验的大鼠肢体血管或离体心脏的灌注；由有毒毛线氨酸引起的大鼠压力升高反应的实验模型可用于研究影响肾上腺素神经递质释放的药物。

4。肿瘤研究：可以将大鼠复制到各种肿瘤模型中，并且是用于肿瘤实验研究的最常用的实验动物。它特别容易受到肝癌的影响，可用于复制与二乙基硝基胺和二甲基亚苯（DAB）大鼠中肝癌的动物模型；甲基苯基硝基胺用于诱导复制大鼠食管癌。

5。传染病研究：这是研究支气管瘤和副肌发烧的重要实验动物。选择年轻大鼠进行流感病毒传递和厌氧细菌实验。他们还可以对假结核病，麻风病，莫里比亚，巴氏菌，葡萄球菌感染（用激素治疗后），链球菌，，，， 和其他真菌进行研究。

6。多个关节炎和化脓性淋巴结炎的研究：大鼠足足肿胀是筛选抗炎药的最常用方法。大鼠的踝关节对炎症非常敏感，通常用于关节炎的药物研究。

7。行为表现的研究：目前，大鼠已被广泛用于晚期神经活动的研究。它具有行为和情感变化的特征，具有不同的行为表现和情感敏感性。

8。关于中耳病和性炎的研究。

9。养育和避孕药研究。

10。大鼠通常用于放射性研究。由于它没有胆囊，因此通常被用作常见的胆管插管，以收集胆汁并进行消化功能研究。

11。肝手术研究：由于大鼠肝脏中90％的kufu细胞具有吞噬作用的能力，因此在60-70％的肝切除术后仍可以再生，这通常用于肝手术实验。

12.遗传研究：大鼠具有许多头发颜色变化，并且具有许多头发颜色基因，例如野生色（a）突变体[野生色等位基因（A）和白化等位基因（C）]，浅黄色（D），粉红色眼（P），红眼（R），银色（S），银色（SD），砂色（SD），黄色（E），白色灰色（WB）等。

3。主要品种

白化大鼠在生物医学研究中占据重要地位。它们是通过驯化野生棕色大鼠（）和黑色大鼠获得的变体。人们普遍认为它们源自亚洲温暖地区，尤其是沿海苏联地区。他们在18世纪左右蔓延到欧洲，从1728年至1730年到达英国，并于1775年到达美国。一开始，在欧洲的观察动物中，大鼠在家庭中被驯化。它首先被用作1850年前大约在1850年前的营养实验。在1856年，首先报道了对肾上腺切除术大鼠的实验性观察。在1880年之前培养了三种隐性头发颜色基因的纯合子：白化型，黑色非野生色和斑驳的颜色。在19世纪末，这些隐性菌株被引入美国进行耕种。由于需要生物医学研究，在全球范围内已培养了100多种近交系（有关详细信息，请参见大鼠近交系列的名称清单）。有十几种常用的大鼠in自交系，例如ACI，BVF，F344，PA，M520，WAB，WAC，WAC，WKA，SD，RF和其他线。有7个常用的非育纯大鼠，其中大鼠最常用，并且在我国的医学研究中也广泛使用。这种大鼠是白色的，相当于小鼠的瑞士物种。其他六种大鼠也常用：大鼠是白化大鼠； - 大鼠，白化大鼠；大鼠是最广泛使用的，具有HH的基因型，头顶上的头发斑点（例如头巾（））。如果基因型是HHAA，则尾巴的底部将有黑发，通常是黑白的。大鼠的眼睛粉红色，头发斑与HHAA相似，但是该小鼠基因被稀释了，因为HHPP基因具有稀释效果并且是稀释基因。该小鼠用于药物，还种植了许多大鼠突变菌株，并且也广泛用于医学领域。例如，使用刺激Ling声音刺激的癫痫大鼠会旋转和跳舞几秒钟，一侧落在地面上，并引起癫痫，这与人类癫痫发作相似，适合研究人类癫痫病。

另一个例子是高血压大鼠（）：SHR大鼠由Aoki成功育出来，正常大鼠的收缩压为110〜，其血压与繁殖后的血压高。 SHR大鼠在出生五周内的血压可以达到150 mmg，成年期的平均血压为170〜，高于最高的血压。因此，SHR也可以称为自发性高血压大鼠（）。除了该大鼠的高血压自发率外，该大鼠还具有高血压的心血管病变。适用于人类有关高血压的研究。有许多遗传性高血压大鼠和大鼠已成功种植。除了Smikk成功地种植了京都大小的大鼠（SHR）外，还有新西兰大小的大鼠（GHR），这些大鼠（GHR）由Dahl成功地成功地培养出了由Dahl成功培养的，Dahl成功地种植了高度敏感的大鼠（HSR）。此外，一些子座也被培养了。遗传性高血压大鼠的寿命大大缩短了。

与纯种大鼠相比，使用杂种与家鼠的杂种大鼠更有可能引起可听见的高血压。建议选择120天大的年龄。当大鼠长时间由噪声或键刺激引起的可听见张力时，它会诱发神经源性高血压。它类似于人类高血压，适合筛查降压药。

第3节豚鼠（Guine-pig;）1。生物学特征和解剖学特征

1。豚鼠属于哺乳动物，啮齿动物，豚鼠家族。也称为豚鼠，海猪，荷兰猪。

2。他们喜欢分组生活，头部大，短脖子，圆耳，没有尾巴，整个身体都有头发，四肢短，有四个脚趾，三个脚趾在后肢，尖锐而短的甜瓜和捕捉人。他们不喜欢攀爬和跳跃，因此可以将它们放在一个小水泥池塘中，而无需盖盖。他习惯柔和，胆小和恐惧，有时会发出尖叫的尖叫声，喜欢干燥，干净的生活环境。

3。嗅觉和听力相对发展，对各种刺激的反应极高，例如对声音，气味和温度突然变化非常敏感。因此，肺炎很容易发生在浑浊的空气和寒冷的环境中，而且很容易流产，而且流产也很容易受到恐惧。

4。豚鼠是草食动物。他们发育着咀嚼肌肉，胃壁非常薄。盲肠特别扩大，约占腹腔的1/3。粗纤维的数量比国内兔子的含量大，但它们不像家兔那样容易腹泻。

5。豚鼠吃了很多东西，非常热衷于习惯性食欲，但对被宠坏的饲料特别敏感。他们经常减少或浪费食物，甚至引起流产。它也对抗生素特别敏感，并且在给药后很容易引起死亡和肠炎。如果使用青霉素，无论剂量或途径多大，它都会引起小肠和结肠炎，甚至会导致死亡。对青霉素的敏感性比小鼠高1000倍，因此在治疗青霉素时应该非常小心。与老鼠和老鼠相反，晚上饮食少，移动较少。

6。豚鼠是后期动物，即，母鼠的妊娠期很长，是63（59-72）天。胚胎在母亲中完全发育，并在出生后完全生长。它遍布整个身体，睁开眼睛，耳朵勃起，牙齿持续。分娩后一小时可以站立和步行，吃软饲料几个小时，并在母鼠的照料下吮吸母乳，同时吃绿色饲料或混合饲料，并迅速发展和生长。

7。不能在体内合成维生素C（肝脏和肠），并且必须从饲料中得出所需的维生素C。人类，灵长类动物和豚鼠缺乏合成维生素C的酶。因此，在饲养豚鼠时，应将维生素C添加到饲料或水中或给定新鲜蔬菜时。当维生素C不足时，会出现静脉血症。症状之一是半肢的半分析，这在冬季特别容易出现问题。如果补充维生素C，症状将消失。

8。耳窝管很敏感，很方便聆听实验。豚鼠对700至2000周/秒的纯色调最敏感。例如，2000周/秒的音频通常用于观察新霉素对内耳的毒性的研究。

9。它可以承受缺氧和抵抗缺氧，比小鼠强4倍，比大鼠强2倍。

10。它对结核病，布鲁氏菌，钩端螺旋体病，马耳他布鲁氏菌，马耳他布鲁氏菌，白喉杆菌，Q发烧病毒，淋巴细胞脉络膜脑膜炎病毒等非常敏感。

11。豚鼠易于过敏反应，血清诊断中的“补体”由豚鼠血清制成。

12。豚鼠的胸腺都位于脖子上，位于下颌骨的角度和胸腔入口的中间。他们有两个明亮的浅黄色，细长的腺体，它们圆形并完全分为SUI。肝脏分为四个主要叶子和四个小叶。肺部分为七个裂片，右肺的四个裂片和左肺的三个裂片。

13. pigs have of 16.5 (12-18) days, 68 (62-72) days, 21 days, and 3.5 (1-6) . They are all year round, , and have .

are into two : multi- ( in one year) and - ( in one year). for , there are in the of all . Some such as dogs, cats, , , and only this the . The are in a state of and rest the rest of the time, but mice, rats, , pigs and other show a round-trip cycle the year under .

pigs, mice, rats, , and rats still have a , that is, after the and gives birth, it may be 48 hours or at a time the , which is or .

14. pigs have body of 38.6 (37.8-39.5)℃, of 280 (200-360) times/min, rate of 90 (69-104) times/min, tidal of 1.8 (1.0-3.9)ml, rate of 16ml (10-28)/min, /g , blood 75-, total red blood cells 5.6 (4.5-7.0) / (mm3), 14.4 (11-16.5)g/100ml blood, total white blood cells 5,000-, 116,000/mm3, total 5.4 (5.0-5.6)g%, blood for 6.4% of body , 32 pairs of , and life span 5-7 years.

2. in

1. pigs are very to many and in the study of . It is an for on . Such as , , , , , , parae., , , , and other , as well as viral such as Q fever and , are often for .

2. of and viral ; of such as , , , Q fever, is often in pigs. For , pigs are to human-type and are often used as a of . The urine of with renal is into pigs. If the of occur, it is that is . The "" in is made of pig serum, and the is often using tests.

3. : pigs are to drugs, so it is a " " for these drugs. For , pigs are to , so they are very for on and ; pigs are to human-type , so they are often used as on drugs.

4. : It is an for C . pigs C in their and are very to C . If they are in feed, a of will soon . They are the only used to study .

5. on or : pigs are prone to , this is most . If horse serum is into pigs, it is easy to into an model of shock. used have of , and the order is: pig > Dog > Mouse > Cat > Frog.

6. for in and : pigs have and . For , by is most in pigs, dogs are also quite , and are , while mice and rats are rare.

7. on inner ear : pig's ear tube is to sound waves. for pure tones of 700 to 2000 weeks per . pigs are often used to study inner ear .

8. on local of on skin: pigs and ' skin to of , and their is to that of .

9. pigs have to and are for and of .

10. edema : off the vagus nerve on both sides of the neck of pigs can a model of acute edema, and the are more than those of other .

11. pigs are also often used in .

3. Main and

1. There are 12 pigs in the world. Since the of pigs is 68 (62-72) days, there are fewer in one child, 2-3, and it takes 20-30 years to an line, so there are fewer lines. lines used in are pure 2 and pure 13.

(1) Line 2: This line was cited from the US of in 1906. In 1951, it was - and bred until 33rd in 1933, and then to until 1940. In 1940, to be . In 1950, it was to the of (NIH) and in the world. Its hair color is three (black, red, and white), most of which are on the head, and its is less than 13 , but the , and are than 13 . The , , , wall , lung and aorta of the pigs have , which is to , and has GPL-AB.I (the main of pigs) . The serum lacks that , but are more to than 13 .

(2) line 13: The coat color also has three (black, white, and red), most of which are on the head, and their is the same as that of the 2 . All sub- are from the US NIH. This line has to , has poor than the 2 , and is in size. The GPL-AB.1 is the same as the 2 . The main area 1 is from the 2 , and its to is than that of the 2 and the group. The rate of is 7%, the rate is 21%, and the is 45%. The serum lacks that late . Among the more than 30 of pigs in the group, the most used is 1, which was bred from pigs in 1926.

In 1973, my DHP group pigs from the , which also to the - . It is DHP it is in the unit. After being to my , it was bred after 8 of , and then used . Its are still and have not been and used yet.

2. After , pigs are into four :

(1) : short hair, body, and the hair pure white, black, brown-black, brown-, gray, etc. There are four main of pigs: (), (), Bret () and ().

(2) : thin and long , which can cover the face, head and body. It is to cold and and is not easy to breed. mice give birth to only one baby rat in one baby, and the rate of baby rats is low. This kind of pig is not for .

(3) : and curly, with poor than the . It has a new with the .

(4) : short hair, but the hair looks like a rose-like curly hair. This pig is very to and is not for use as a test.

At , most of the pigs used by and units in my are short- pigs. The of pigs with hair can form , such as pure white, black, brown, etc. , these non- short- pigs have hair , but they are brown-, black and white. They can be the same as brown-, black and white, spots. They are tri-color pigs, or they can have two-color or pigs. pigs with , and are poor in and are prone to . They are not for and are used as .

4 () 1. and

1. It is an that is by wild and the .

2. rats are than male rats. in the , rats are not prone to with male rats, and male rats are by rats.

3. Short tail and cheek pouch. cheek sac is a that lacks , and is a good for , human tumor and of .

4. The cycle is short. is 16 (14-17) days, which is the among . The of is fast. The rat has in one month and can after that, and the male rat can mate for 25 . The is 20 to 25 days, after , male rats are 2 old, and rats are 1.5 old. When male rats , their is about 100 grams and rats is about 120 grams. the , mice are not to male mice in the .

5. and rapid . Each mouse can give birth to 7 to 8 every year, with 5 to 10 per child, an of about 7. The young grow and after birth, and are all over when they are born. The ear shell to the body on the 3rd to 4th, and then , grows hair on the 4th, and can crawl out of the nest to find food on the 12th, and opens on the 14th, and feed on the mouse juice while , and grows very .

6. I have the habit of . When I sleep very , my in my body will be loose and it is not easy to wake up. I think of death. when the room is low, and at 8 to 9℃. At this time, body , , rate, and basal rate are all . If the room is below 13℃, the young will to death. It is best to keep the room at 20-25℃ and the is 40-70%.

7. is a of its and it is to raise it in . had the bad habit of boys when he was born.

8. are prone to true , and their blood sugar can be 2 to 8 times than , and their , and beta cells are , them easy to into .

9. Have the habit of food. The cheek can be fully and has a great , it easy to eat . There is a very deep cheek pouch on both sides of the mouth of the , which is 3.5 to 4.5 cm deep and 2 to 3 cm in , which to the back of the ear and neck. Carry large of food into the nest the cheek .

10. ' to skin is very . In many cases, skin with of pigs in non- lines can and for a long time. , skin in will be 100% to and be .

11. The of the is to the . It is 38.7±0.3℃ in , and it also a day. The body is the from 9 to 10 pm, and it is lower from noon to . Its body rises from 3 to 5 hours and 10 pm. The in the cheek is 37±1℃. The of male mice is the same as that of the sac, while the of mice is 1 to 2℃ lower than that of male mice.

12. The heart rate of the is 400 beats per , the rate is 73.6 (33-127) beats per , the is 60 (33.3-82.8) ml/min, and the blood is 5% of the body at 20-21°C and the is, 2.3 ml of is per hour per gram of body. blood is 78.7 to 101.3 mmHg at 8 to 12 weeks of age, 64.3 to 88. in 12 to 17 of age, 65.5 to 92.5 mmHg at 17 to 24 of age, 62.0 to 91.8 mmHg at 24 of age, 5.9 to 8.3 /mm3 in total, 14.85 to 16.20g/100ml of blood, 7.200 to 8.480/mm3 in total, and adult 2.5 to 3.0 years.

13. The of ( ) and are , but there are some . For , the have fewer and , and cells are 2n=22. Most of them can be from each other and have clear . In , the Y is in and is very easy to . , the of the large is twice that of the , but the brain and large are twice that of the .

2. in

1. on tumor , , and : tumor is grown in into the cheek , and the is used to the to . are to and are to grow than other . In the past 15 years, a large of tumor have been out using . , tumor may be the with the most used in . are to that can and can also cells or tumor cells. These can even some non- . , are the most used in and are used in the study of tumor , , anti-, , drug , X-ray , etc.

2. on : such as (), , (), etc.

3. and virus : such as virus, etc. are very to , they have an in the field of virus .

4. on : The is short, only 16 days, and mice can 28 days after birth. The cycle is , about 4.5 days, and is for .

5. on such as aging, , and : If is , can be .

6. : such as , , , etc. rat pills are very large and are a good organ for .

7. : are a good model of true .

8. : such as A and E , B2 () , etc.

9. Study on and : The cyst is often used to in and and .

10. : were for . have been used in such as and . Its , and have also an in terms of and .

11. : such as the study of teeth.

12. and , such as and .

13. The of are used for and with to type B and , and the is very large.

14. on (skin, fetal , , etc.) and (, etc.).

15. on and : have large , small , and are easy to each other. They are in small and are for and . , it is more to . In the in vitro of cells, it is not only easy to cell lines that keep at the level, but also many cell lines have been in the of drug , , and needs.

3. Main and

There are 4 and 66 or in the world. There are 38 lines. There are three used ones:

1. (;), also known as , is , 150 grams, and has 22 pairs of . It was by Syria in the East in 1930. It has been in , but it is and has no major . The most used areas are in a few in , and Asia.

2. (,), or and black line , are gray, small in size, 22 pairs of , and weigh about 40 grams. It lives in this area of ​​the East Coast of China to the East Coast of the Sea.

3. black (;): large body, sex, about 200 grams, and 22 pairs of .

Most of the most used work in the world are , for about 90% of the use of , by , for about 10% of the use of . are that are by wild and the . Its from the of in 1930 back one birth to eight in the local area when they went to Syria for . Four on the way, one died, and the three (1 male and 2 ) then on black fever with his Dr. Abler (due to ) and . It had been the world. it had a short among , it an the and that they had an after the stage. , there are more in . So far, there are ten lines in the UK, lines in the , and in Japan, with a total of 38 lines. There are more than a dozen used, such as APG (brown and black, red eyes) and APA (white, black eyes). are used in our , and their are more and . type is (white, red-eye), which can also be used in , and most are used in . were to the by China in 1948 and were used for in 1952. They have now been into 4 .

is most for lung . It has no lung and is more to lung ; its lungs have anti- power than rats and pigs.

There are 38 lines, 17 lines, and 38 out of the group in the Index in 1975. The of some of are shown in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2 of some of ( )

[Some is here]

5 (,) 1. and

1. to the , , , and .

2. are weak in body and weak, timid and of fear, heat and . They like quiet, clean, dry and cool and .

3. It is a () . The of is to eat green rice as the main focus and feed as the . I like to live alone, have less the day, and are in a state of false sleep or rest, have a lot of at night, and eat a lot of food. Have the habit of wood and soil.

4. I am with feces (), and I like to eat feces from the anus, and I also eat my own feces the day at night. its lower duct can crude and and in feces. If you use to , your feces be , it will the . also have the habit of feces, so egg sacs can be found in feces.

5. The of the is from that of other . The of the is the top wall, wall and wall. The is into two parts, left and right parts, and is not to each other. The of two , the and the . The lungs are by the rib and the , and the heart is by the . , when the after the chest and the heart for , the does not need to as long as the is not . Cats, dogs and other must after their heart can be .

6. are . are in every two weeks, each for 3 to 4 days. , many eggs can in the 's at one time, but these eggs are not . They can only be after 10 to 12 hours after by male . This is . If the is not to mate, all the eggs will be after 10 to 16 days, and the new eggs will begin to again. Both and cats to this type of . , and cats can due to . to the time, we can know when will occur and when to and fetal . , dogs, pigs, cows, , sheep, etc. are . time has to do with . If you do not mate, you will in a of time.

7. necks all have of . , , cows, pigs, dogs, and cats do not walk alone. , it walks in the vagus, stem or vagus nerve. There are three of in the nerve in . The and white ones are the vagus nerve; the ones are the nerve; the ones are the - nerve. the vagus and the nerve.传入神经。 The nerve ends are in the wall of the arch blood .

8. are very to body . It is most to a fever , and the fever is and . Mice, rat and pig have poor . Low to fever . when . Body .

9. The of are very long (about 8 times the body ). The of the of the ( ) is large. The pig's swing is small. After the , the is to see. have thin walls and are to and other drugs. Cats, dogs, etc. have thick walls and slow . The ex vivo of is very to α- , which can cause them to .

10. The total bile duct of a is easy to , and the is on the of the first of the , but the is , so you need to pay to it . The duct in the dog be deep and good is . The cat's total bile duct is thick and easy to , but it is less of than dogs.

11. The in are and not fixed. for the , some are even near the arch in the .

12. are very to rays and often have a of shock after . Some die or soon after , and the of shock is to the dose.

13. The 's ileum and cecum swell up to form a thick- round sac, a round sac, which is to . The inner wall of the round small sac is , with , and its can to acids by in the cecum. It is to and .

14. is the most and . Young are most to , with a rate of up to 80%. There are seven types of that can cause , six types of the ducts to cause in , and one type of in the liver, the to from liver . White and the size of corn on the of the 's liver can be seen. After , white pus out. under a , it can be seen that there are a large of egg sacs. If the liver of a is , pay to this when a for liver .

15. There is a large oval lymph node in the fossa of the hind limb of the 's hind limb, about 5 mm long. The lymph node of the blue is . It is very easy to touch and fix in vitro, and is for drugs into lymph nodes or , and on the of .

16. are to many and .

17. have large ears and clear blood , which are easy to and take blood.

18. have very large eyes and cells are found in their iris. The color of their eyes is by the cells. The iris in the white 's eyes are in , and the eyes look red due to the blood color in the blood .

19. have and types. to the or of , the serum of can be into four : α′, β′, α′β′, and O. The α′ and α′β′ of are prone to human blood cell type A , while the β′ and O are prone to human blood cell type B抗体。 In , there have been two types that are easy to human blood cell type A ( type) and are not easy to human blood cell type A ( non- type). The or of type A has to do with , of , and of type A in the , but it is to the of type A . To make it type A , non- type are used and α′, α′β′ are .

20. The body of is 39.0 (38.5～39.50)℃, skin is 33.5～36℃, is 258±2.8 times/min, blood is 110 (95～130) mmHg, blood is 59±2.3ml/Kg , rate is 51 (38～60) times/min, tidal is 21.0 (19.3～24.6)ml, rate is 1070 (800～1140) ml/min, is 640 ~/g body , total red blood cells 5.7 (4.5-7.0) /mm3, 11.9 (8-15) g/100ml blood, total white blood cells 9.0 (6.0-13.0) /mm3, 28±20,000/mm3, blood pH is 7.58, of red blood cells 1.090, 1.024-1.037, total blood for 5.46-8.7% of body , 22 pairs of , and is 8 years.

2. in

1. : The use of is to and high-titer and . Most of the used in are in and are used in the of and in and .喜欢：

(1) serum: such as , , and other serum.

(2) serum: such as anti-human serum, sheep anti- serum, etc.

(3) Anti- serum: such as pig serum, etc.

(4) Anti- serum: such as anti-rat liver serum, anti-rat liver serum, etc.

2. on and pills: are using the of that can . For , of male or of (80-100 units/piece) can , to be after of . It can also be used for of pills. of drugs or can eggs. The of small with red dots on the of the can be by . Since can only after , the time of can be , and at the same time are easy to .

3. on and : The used in this is . If pure is in oil and fed , it can cause , , and in . of like this has many :

(1) It is tame and easy to raise and .

(2) The to - diet is high. The rate of in is as high as 75-90%, while that of rats is only 40%, and the of is low. After , the in is 72 hours, while that of rats is only 12 hours. , the shape is short and the shape is fast. take shape in about 3 , while dogs take 14 , take more than a year, and take six , one year or even years.

(3) The , , and , which are to those in . with human , the is more .

(4) It is and to use , , and than with such as dogs and .

4. : have very large eyes and are round, with a of about 5 to 6 cm2 and a of about 3 to 4 g, it easy to and . , are the most used in . At the same time, the on the left and right eyes of the same can avoid in age, , , breed, etc. For , scar are used. On the of ​​both eyes, or scars of equal size and depth are into left and right, and are used to the of drugs on , drugs for scars and study the . When a , you have color, the iris color of the white is white, which is to the color of the scar, and the is not clear. You can also the of on the after the in the room in the front of the eye; the